Online Im B Essay, II Sample Quizzes With Multiple Choice Questions

Online I'm B Essay, II Sample Quizzes With Multiple Choice QuestionsI'm often asked if the online I'm B essay, II sample question series on GRE is in fact the same as the actual GRE or how the questions are going to be graded. First of all, the online format of a Math test is not the same. There are plenty of ways that the questions can be scored, but the main thing is that the score used by the individual college to make their decision is based on an average score. That averages out the scores and shows you which students scored the highest and those that just barely made it to the front of the line for the level they are studying at.JSTOR is an open-access repository of articles, eBooks, audio books, videos, documents, videos, and other media from academic institutions, libraries, and publishers. All of this content is freely available for the public to access. The library, university, and publisher have committed to publishing the information in their own right as well as providin g it to JSTOR for others to use in the course of publishing an I'm B essay II sample.Because JSTOR is completely free, it is open to anyone who has a computer with Internet access to search the files for the I'm B, II, essay or sample. It will take a student a few minutes to check out the entire JSTOR database, so the entire experience can be similar to a typical graduate school experience except that you have an interactive way to get access to JSTOR.For the JSTOR test I'm B, II and Thesis, students will need to register, choose a topic, answer the short test, and then search through all of the different topics. When you search, you can take the test in the live chat room with other test takers, or download it to your personal computer to play and practice. The test and all of the material are offered in JSTOR for a nominal fee.While there are thousands of academic studies and media available to use, many of the sample questions will be from Princeton Review. These tests will exami ne a variety of different subjects like negotiation, leadership, entrepreneurship, science, and math. They will be adjusted based on the test section to make sure that the questions are appropriate to the types of study materials and they will work the online tutors into the test, too.Now that you understand that the test format of the math test are going to be different, let's look at the sample questions. In the first example of his essay 2 samples, the student will learn how to produce a thesis statement, write a thesis paper, and develop an outline for the project. The student will also take the I'm B, II tests in the third place section.If you study online, you will learn how to evaluate the average grade point average for your test section. It is important to do a study with the same group of students as you take the Math II test because this is the only way that you can accurately compare the scores to see how they compare with others who took the same test. Then, you can dec ide what works best for you.The second of the I'm B, II samples is very similar, but it involves writing an essay about a real person who died sometime in the past. The student will write about his or her feelings about the deceased person and write an essay about why he or she is important to his or her life. The student will take the I'm B, II tests and then watch all of the videos included in the course.

Oratorical Leaders And The Magic of Stereotypes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1542 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? After some time, there have been numerous people that have stood up on world issues, for example, subordination, discrimination, straitification, and prejudice. The talks that are given by these individuals have enlivened change inside social orders everywhere throughout the world. They have set out to challenge the perspectives and practices of societal standards that were against equity for each individual. A discourse by one of these compelling individuals will be broke down to recognize the generalization being tended to and how the discourse affected the in-gathering and out-assemble included. The discourse that I picked was made by Malala Yousafzai. This address was made before the UN in 2013 amid a Youth Takeover occasion including various training advocates from around the globe. Amid her initial years, she carried on with a typical life in Pakistan and went to a school established by her dad. After some time, the Taliban started to the region in which she lived, including nearby young ladys schools. At 12 years old, Malala started to blog about her living conditions. She picked up a developing stage and pushed to stand up on the privileges of ladies and kids to an instruction. Because of her endeavors, the Taliban countered by issuing a demise danger against her. At 15 years old, on a transport on her route home from school, Malala and additionally two different young ladies were shot and harmed by a veiled shooter. She was left in basic conditions as she was shot on the left half of her head. In 2013, after numerous medical procedures and a long recuperation, she star ted to go to class in the United Kingdom. This same year, on her sixteenth birthday celebration, is the point at which she gave the discourse to the UN. Around the same time, she was named for a Nobel Peace Prize and in 2014, she really won. She keeps on being a lobbyist for youngsters and ladies rights (Kettler, 2016). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Oratorical Leaders And The Magic of Stereotypes" essay for you Create order In the wake of exploring numerous discourses from numerous remarkable people, I picked this specific discourse since I felt just as the message and the mission that Malala remains for is wonderful. Inside her UN discourse, she talked about her encounters inside her nation of origin. Her family was resolved for her to pick up a training nearby her kin yet there were powers that tried to take this away. The Taliban fear monger gather endeavored endeavors to smother the general population in Pakistan by devastating school. The Taliban harmed and slaughtered a great many individuals, particularly those that were overcome enough to face them. Subsequent to being shot, rather than venturing down, fleeing, or concealing, she chose to proceed with her central goal in the quest for equity, equity, and peace. This discourse addressed my convictions as well as my identity as a man. I am a lady, as well as bringing up a girl. Growing up, I was sufficiently blessed to not exclusively have the cap acity to go to class, yet I could go to a school my decision and gain the instruction I felt just as I merited. I not exclusively was designated the chance to go to elementary school, yet additionally encourage my training by attending a university. I might want to surmise that my little girl will emulate my example by remaining in school and heading out to pick up a school training. In this discourse and amid this time, the in-bunch shifts. This in-amass incorporates essential and auxiliary gatherings. The discourse tended to the majority of the people inside the UN meeting, including the instruction advocates. The in-assemble additionally incorporates people in Pakistan, India, and the world. It is for ladies and kids and those on the planet that have faith in perspectives and reason for Malalas central goal. The essential gathering incorporates Malalas family, neighbors, and companions. These are the general population in which she is the nearest to which gives a feeling of having a place through her close and perpetual relationship. These individuals incorporate those that have been with her for a broadened timeframe and know and comprehend her as a man. They can be the most strong of her central goal and her endeavors. The auxiliary gathering is a bigger gathering and incorporates more formal connections. This gathering incorporates adherents of her online j ournals, individuals from associations in which she have a place, her schoolmates and educators, and all the more comprehensively, political figures, human rights activists, social specialists, and those around the globe that have known about her name, her discourse, or her motivation. These are individuals in the in-assemble that have perhaps experienced similar battles that she have experienced. These are the general population that trust in the message that she is sending and might want to see a similar change that she is advancing. These are individuals that will stroll with her to guarantee that there is change for ladies and youngsters with regards to instruction. Malala and the in-amass tended to and tested a couple of generalizations inside this discourse. She talked on the bias, subordination, and segregation of ladies and kids inside her nation of Pakistan. She talked on how ladies and kids were and still focused by the Taliban. She said that her home of Pakistan is a serene and cherishing popularity based area. She expresses that the general population of the province need instruction for their youngsters. She additionally expresses that her religion of Islam is a religion of peace, mankind, and fraternity and that it is an obligation and duty of every single kid to be furnished with and to acquire a training. She raises the statement The pen is mightier than the sword and clarifies that the reason the Taliban fear monger and radicals crush offices and assets for instruction is on account of they fear books and pens, they fear the intensity of training; the materials and assets that can enable individuals to increase comprehension, learni ng, and develop. They fear the power that training can provide for ladies. Psychological militant are in Pakistan, as well as around the globe, causing annihilation and dread inside the general population. Kids as utilized for youngster work. Young ladies are constrained into household tyke work and get hitched at early ages. These fear based oppressors gain control in the neediness, obliviousness, bad form, prejudice, and hardship of the fundamental human rights inside the district and inside the world. As I would like to think, I dont trust that the individuals from the in-aggregate schemed to subordinate the out-gathering. I do trust that the in-amass is working inside the social structure of the time. Malala communicated in her discourse that she doesnt loathe the Taliban fear monger who shot her, nor does she despise the gathering. In the event that given the chance, she would not look for requital and attempt to hurt the individual that hurt her. Rather, she might want to hone absolution, sympathy, and peace that she has gained from a portion of the compelling pioneers of over a significant time span times. She expressed that her objective is change like pioneers, for example, Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela. She might want peacefulness like Gandhi and Mother Teresa. With her stage, she and the in-aggregate call upon the worlds pioneers to change the present circumstance to advance uniformity, success, and peace. She expresses that to actualize peace bargains that secure ladies and youngsters rights. Governments ought to guarantee that every youngster is given the chance of free mandatory instruction. Governments should battle against psychological warfare and savagery to shield ladies and kids from ruthlessness and damage. Created countries are called upon to help the extension of instructive open doors for ladies and kids inside creating nations. Networks must be tolerant surprisingly, and must reject the biases in view of shading, statement of faith, cast, religion, and sex. She at long last calls upon ladies to be overcome and solid and understand their maximum capacity. My demeanors have not changed toward bias, subordination, or separation. Inside my general public, generalizations and any sort of bias are not acknowledged and not endured. I have a blended family. My little girl is half African American and half Latino. I work each day with a blend of people that have distinctive foundations and societies. I go to a multicultural church that grasps the distinction of its individuals and invites all of us with open arms. The general population that I am encompassed by are liberal and kind to other people. We are in a period that individuals are additionally tolerating of others contrasts and are all the more eager to open up and find out about and from those of different societies and nations. The media now and again depict issues and pictures that talk on the theme of segregation and preference since regardless it exist inside the world. Malalas discourse is verification that while numerous nations advance fairness and human rights, there are still nations, associations, gatherings, and people that are against correspondence and might want to advance division, isolation, disparity, neediness, obliviousness, and mayhem. The best activity is to take after alongside Malala, and numerous different activists that call upon the administrations and social orders to support the general population, give training, and advance fairness for all.

Analysis of Poem “There is a girl inside” by Lucille Clifton - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 607 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Poetry Analysis Essay Did you like this example? In the poem â€Å"There is a girl inside† by Lucille Clifton, the poet is speaking about the wonder and allture that comes from being a young girl and her desire to live in youth again. Through the poem, the author leaves a message for the reader that she hope every woman never think of themselves as an old woman. The poem is hopeful because it is an older person remembering the freedom of youth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of Poem â€Å"There is a girl inside† by Lucille Clifton" essay for you Create order She compares aging with nature image in the poem; her tone is more powerful and hopeful to shows for the audience how the women desire to the freedom in society. In the first stanzas, there is a girl inside every woman. She still has her youth which is vigorous and within the aged body. The young spirit is powerful even though the old woman is not physically, the old woman will not leave her life and wonder it in old woman body; she will live fully everyday with the her youth. The target audience in this poem is all the woman, especially the old woman who still live in youth soul. Likewise, the speaker is an old woman, and she is still young and vital inside herself and the girl in this poem is the speaker’s true self. Clifton is the speaker as well as the author of this poem; as an old woman, she understands the psychology of the woman. She emphasize the ideas of old age; especially towards women; she wants to encourage the women over the world about power, a time of new beginnings, of rebirth, of wildness which always exists in their souls. Using phrases like green tree, second coming, blossom, she uses nature to compare with youth, aging, and the revival of youth in old age. This also elaborates the gap between age and youth as well as the difference in the woman’s inner and outer presence. Moreover, in the first and second stanzas, the â€Å"girl’ in the poem tries to break herself out of her outside appearance of an old woman to become the â€Å"green girl†; to contrast, the author use the word â€Å"used poet† to remind herself that her outer self is the older woman with her younger self inside like a â€Å"green tree† young, fresh and new. In the third stanzas, â€Å"she has waited patient as a nun/ for the second coming,† the speaker succeeds when she uses â€Å"the second coming† to connect with youth or the revival of youth; it seems her youth, in spite of her â€Å"gray hair,† will â€Å"blossom†, it reminds the reader of the rebirth of Jesus Chris t. The â€Å"girl inside† of an woman in the â€Å"used poem† dies and rebirths for the â€Å"second coming† in the old aging. The focus of this poem is the conflict between the woman and nature; the woman imagines that nature is where she wants to be reborn. In nature, the tree can reborn from season to season; however, the human is only to have one life. Moreover, this is the conflict between the youth and the aging language in this poem. The author uses â€Å"girl† and â€Å"randy† to show the freedom of the woman in aging, compared with â€Å"bones† and â€Å"gray hair† to represent the anti-aging of the woman. Thus, the images of nature and the character’s appearance are completely different. This comparison causes for the audience member in the confuse about the desire of the character; she wants to become youth but she still wants to keep the anti-aging appearance of herself. She always accept the truth of her aging presence but she desires to get freedom of the youth.

A Comparison of Film and Novel Versions of Frankenstein Essay

A Comparison of Film and Novel Versions of Frankenstein The nature of horror stories gives the reader/audience a feeling of intense fear, shock or disgust. It creates an atmosphere of tension for the reader/audience. Horror stories are designed to entertain people by causing enjoyable feelings of horror. The purposes of the films/novel: In James Whale version and Mary Shelleys novel the purpose was to scare the reader/audience. In Mel Brooks Frankenstein the purpose of the film was to entertain to create humour, to make the audience laugh. Kenneth Branagh s film the purpose was to scare and shock the audience. The film shocks people because it shows what humans can do to nature. The film†¦show more content†¦The people watching hold onto each other. The platform then descends and the first sign of life of the creature is his moving right hand. Frankensteins hysterical cry, Its alive! Goes out of control. The film Young Frankenstein directed by Mel Brooks, 1974 Young Frankenstein is a series of hilarious humour scenes. To create humour exaggerated dialogue was used. This exaggeration made the dialogue sound ridiculous. - When Frankenstein said throw the first switch then the second and third, each time getting louder and louder. The creation scene replicates the 1931 original Frankenstein, similar settings. ===================================================================== Again the film is in black and white. There are two assistants Frankenstein s fiancee and the hunchback. Like the original version of Frankenstein the monster is on a platform. It starts off with Frankenstein making a speech out loud talking to the audience. Frankenstein is dressed in hospital white coat with big goggles strapped around a fright wig of hair and a stethoscope. He tells his hunchback assistance to throw the switches and fiancee turns a big wheel. Whilst Frankenstein is talking the monster and he is raised into the stormy night sky to await the lightning strike needed to bring him to life. Music builds up in crescendo. The noises of the chains as they are descended backShow MoreRelatedEssay about A Comparison of Frankenstein 1994 to Frankenstein 1957520 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of Frankenstein 1994 to Frankenstein 1957 Over the past hundred years, Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein has been read worldwide, by many different audiences. In the original novel, the creature is given life by Frankenstein, and then he stretches out his arm to see if Frankenstein will accept him as a son. Whereas in the 1957 film he is in a box full of water, and is wrapped in bandages. The creature tries to strangle Frankenstein until he is stoppedRead MoreThe Reanimated Monster of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein has become a symbol in contemporary society. 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Would theRead MoreEssay on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1643 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein In 1818 a novel was written that tingled people’s minds and thrilled literary critics alike. Frankenstein was an instant success and sold more copies than any book had before. The immediate success of the book can be attributed to the spine-tingling horror of the plot, and the strong embedded ethical message. Although her name did not come originally attached to the text, Mary Shelley had written a masterpiece that would live on for centuries. Read MoreFrankensteins Origin: Assessing Thompsons Argument for the Creatures Literary Ancestors 1443 Words   |  6 PagesThe greatest modern stories often hail from ancient myths, and Mary Shelleys novel, Frankenstein, proves no exception to this claim. 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Organizational Behavior Stahl and Brannen

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behaviorfor Stahl and Brannen. Answer: Introduction Stahl and Brannen (2013) stated that effective decision-making skills help in implementing appropriate approaches and procedure that can benefit the entire organization. The effectiveness of a decision-making relies on some factors like skills of the employees in an organization, the size of the organization and the business procedure undertaken by the leader of the managing authorities of that organization. In this business report, the team and decision-making ability of the Chairman and CEO that is Mr. Carlos Ghosn is considered. The analysis of the organizational culture before and after this leader is the primary reason for this assessment. Discussion Importance of Team and Decision Making on Nissan Company Before the Organizational Change Barmeyer and Mayrhofer (2016) describes that before the time of Carlos Ghosn, The organization is proceeding with their traditional business procedure. However, Carlos foresees the success of transition from current to future state. Thus, this concerned person values more on the unfreezing the current situation and follow the recent trend to fulfill the requirement of the customer. This modern trend in the organization motivates the employees level of confidence. Prior to this situation, only the managing authority takes the decision and all the employees have to follow the established regulations. The previous monocratic leadership styles are not followed in the recent times and Carlos follows the transcultural leadership and welcomes diversification so that the entire globe can be targeted. Pandey and Rhee (2015) describes that communication was not effective in the team in the past. As a result, Nissan began to fall as other automobile industry follows the recent trends; in that time, Carlos takes the liability of this company andoversees twoFortuneGlobal 500 companies- Renault and Nissan. Importance of Team and Decision Making on Nissan Company after the Organizational Change Stakeholders Satisfaction Stahl and Brannen (2013) stated that Carlos Ghosn emphasizes both the employee and their customers together and has the ability to connect with them instantly. The concerned person travels 300,000 miles a year to get aware of the recent trends and the updated customers demand. Nissan has 68 factories across the world and hence spends time in those countries, where the Alliance has plants. Emphasizes on Skills, Knowledge, Innovation and Equality Carlos still works 15 to 16 hours a day and worked hard to make new models for the betterment of the organization. Osland and Wang (2014) depicts that Carlos desires that his team members must analyze the horizon while creating and executing strategies. As a result, empathy for new generation cars that are not only energy and fuel efficient but eco-friendly also. These cars run on electric power and create a revolution in the automobile industries. Moreover, Carlos values experience more than the other skills and hence motivate their team members to suggest new ideas and knowledge so that effective ideas can be implemented. Knowledge Sharing The CEO of two companies Renault-Nissan, Carlos Ghosn, has the vision to precede these two companies symmetrically. As a result, it is crucial to share the knowledge between foreign engineering terms. Barmeyer and Mayrhofer (2015) also highlighted the fact that the effective decision making of the Ghosn can also be reflected by not merging the two companies together. The primary reason behind this decision is to promote mutual competition between these two organizations that push both these organizations for seeking scope opportunities, cost reduction and innovative technology. Seeking Alliance with other Automobile Companies Gill (2012) depicted that Carlos Ghosn take calculative decision in lesser time than any there leaders. In recent times, this leader aims to seek an alliance with Mitsubishi Motors and take 34% of their controlling shares in 237 billion yen (US$2.15 billion). Barmeyer and Mayrhofer (2016) however, argues that Nissan can felt difficulty work with it competitive organization, Mitsubishi. Farha and Tirhi (2015) on the other hand, points out that Carlos is positive and believes that Nissan has to play their role as responsible guardians of their groups carmaker and hence have to behave like a guardian of that 34 % of the stake. Conclusion The leader that is considered in this business report is the Carlos Ghosn, who brings revolution in the Nissan family by his different perception. Prior to the leadership of the Carlos, only monocratic leadership was followed and after him, transcultural leadership comes into consideration, which is a result of the multi-cultural background from the childhood of the counterparty leader. Moreover, the power of timely decision is one of the reasons for the great success after Carlos. The decision-making ability is provided not only to their employees and to customers but in recent times, Nissan also complies with their competitors by taking guardianships of some competitive automobile companies like Mitsubishi. Reference List Barmeyer, C. and Mayrhofer, U., 2015. Case study III RenaultNissanDaimlar.International Business Strategy: Theory and Practice, p.348. Barmeyer, C. and Mayrhofer, U., 2016. Strategic Alliances and Intercultural Organizational Change: The RenaultNissan Case.Intercultural Management. A Case-Based Approach to Achieving Complementarity and Synergy, (p. 317-332). Farha, M.A. and Tirhi, H., 2015. Cultural Impacts on international strategic alliances. Gill, C., 2012. The role of leadership in successful international mergers and acquisitions: Why Renault?Nissan succeeded and DaimlerChrysler?Mitsubishi failed.Human Resource Management,51(3), pp.433-456. Pandey, S. and Rhee, S., 2015. An Inductive Study of Foreign CEOs of Japanese Firms.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,22(2), pp.202-216. Stahl, G.K. and Brannen, M.Y., 2013. Building cross-cultural leadership competence: An interview with Carlos Ghosn.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), pp.494-502.

Why IM in Favor of Death Penalty free essay sample

â€Å"I’m in favor of death penalty. † Legalizing death penalty, as far as I know, is still a pending case in our country. But for you to know how can I say that I’m in favor of it? Simple. First, because when a prison is imprisoned many times, for me it can be considered to have him/her to have the death penalty. It is called abuse. Second, because our country is a free country, a democratic country. And because of that, drug pushers, robbers, hold-uppers and the like, abuses the freedom given to us.They know that if they’ll commit crime, the only punishment for it is imprisonment. And as we all know, not all of our personnel who are against crime do their entire job. I mean, not all of them sacrifice their lives for a person who is in danger. Death penalty, for me, would be a solution to our government’s problem relating to this matter. We will write a custom essay sample on Why IM in Favor of Death Penalty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Crime becomes cycle in our country. A cycle that has no solution. It’s like committing crime, and then imprisonment, then after that, that person who commits crime will then be free.Sometimes, â€Å"justice† is in the hands of the people who have their power against poor people, their money. Death penalty is also a way to lessen those people in who are being put into prison, people who are committing crime. If death penalty or capital punishment will be once again executed here in our country, maybe most Filipinos would be afraid to commit crime after all. I know, killing a live is a sin. But compare to the sins that they are doing?It’s nothing. It’s like committing a crime without their conscience. But in death penalty, we do it for justice and for them to be responsible in their actions. Death penalty will be one of the solutions, but not for all aspects of life. Here, I only want to say that if we will live in peace and harmony, there will be no problem, but not absolutely. I also want to point out that if God will be in our lives, there will be no crime everywhere.

The History of Relational Database Technology

The History of Relational Database Technology Introduction In recent times the use of object-oriented designs in manufacture of software has skyrocketed. This has led software engineers to think of ways of coming up with database systems that are object oriented since they are much capable of meeting market needs. At the moment, there is no standardized language that can be used to program relational database systems. The field of relational database is still evolving and stakeholders hope to formalize some standards for object oriented database systems.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The History of Relational Database Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To maximize utility of relational database systems, concerted efforts must be initiated and which should aim at containing the shortcomings associated with the current technology. A historical analysis of evolution of relational database technology will help us to understand how object oriented database systems can be implemented with the aim of eliminating the aforementioned shortcomings. Relational database system is defined as a database that allows any data visible to the user to be organized in form of tables that allow all operations on them to be possible (Chamberlin, 1990).Database refers to collectively to data or information organized and stored in a manner than allows for quick access to enhance usability. Between 1950 and 1960, a system called database management system was invented which provided necessary functionality for maintenance, creation and modification of databases. This systems were however not efficient due to complexity associated with them. A client in database client/server architecture makes an application by requesting for data related services e.g. filtering or sorting from a server (Batory, 1998). The later is also known as the sequel/ SQL engine or database server in full. The clients request is granted by the SQL by returning a secured ac cess to data that is to be shared. SQL statements allow client applications to perform certain operations on a set of server database records such as retrieval and modification of data. The engine also allows for other operations to be performed on the data such as filtering of query result sets there by improving communication of saved data. There are various types of database management systems such as hierarchical databases, network databases and relational database models. The later had less advantages compared to the previous ones. This led into increased interest in how it worked. Relational database systems are unique in that data is organized in separate structures commonly known as tables which can be linked so as to enhance storage of data. This model was first discovered by Dr. Codd who’s aimed at was to eliminate shortcomings of the previous database management which was mainly huge amounts of information and complexity. Dr. Codd invented relational database manag ement model in 1970 at San Jose Research Laboratory. Sequel or structured query Language is one of the most renowned standardized languages for enhancing interaction with a database.Advertising Looking for research paper on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More History of SQL Dr. Codd and his colleagues had developed SQL or SEQUEL (Sequential English QUEry Language) as a data sublanguage for relational model at IBM San Josà © Research Laboratory in 1970. The language was originally put down in a series of papers from 1974. IBM used this language in a prototype relational system known as system R. which was developed in 70s (Codd, 1970). Other prototypes that were developed then include INGRESS and Test Vehicle developed by University of California Berkeley and IBM UK Scientific Laboratory respectively. The first relational database management to be released to the market came about when system R was refined a nd evaluated in 1981 to come up with fine product that was user friendly. Other DBMS (database management systems) developed using SQL included Oracle, IBM DB2 in 1970 and 1983 respectively. Other relational DBMS that were to later incorporate SQL into their system included but not limited to, MySQL,Paradox, FoxPro and hundreds of others (Codd, 1970). Dr. Codd’s 12 initial rules for relational database model have increased through time to total up to 333. SQL was endorsed as the standard language for relational databases by both International standards Organization and ANSI, the American National Standards Institute. Its use was formalized in 1986 and given the name SQL 1. Three years down the line, a publication of some trivial revision known as SQL-89 was made. However, during the year 1992, major revisions were done and endorsed by both ISO and ANSI. These revisions reduced the size of SQL and made it simpler to use. In 1999, another SQL standard known as SQL: 1999 was pub lished and endorsed by ANSI and ISO. This version which is currently in use had additional features such as user-defined data types and most importantly, it had object-oriented data management capabilities. It is common to find most dealers of relational database management systems implement their own extensions of the SQL to enhance functionality. Historical Background of Object Oriented Systems The need for advanced relational database technology that was easier to use made researchers consider the possibility of incorporating object oriented capability in DBMS. In 1980’s the disadvantages associated with relational database systems and the need to increase capacity of manageable objects led to the invention of commercial object-oriented database systems. Database systems have evolved overtime to allow for step by step incorporation of object oriented capabilities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The History of Relational Database Technolo gy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first object oriented language was Simula-67 in 1967. This was followed by Smalltalk. After this, the researchers saw it fit to come up with new languages by creating extensions of existing ones instead of coming up with a new language from scratch. Programming languages formed as a result of extension of LISP included LOOPS and Flavors (Codd, 1970). Extensions were made to C to come up with languages like C++ and objective C and so on and so forth. Similarly semantic data models for database systems like ER/ entity relationship, DAPLEX and SDM were developed (Batory, 1998). There are five generations of evolution of database technology. The first being files systems, followed by hierarchical database systems, then CODASYL database systems and the fourth one is the relational database systems. The fifth generation is still under development. The third and second generations had allowed remote users to access a central or integrated database. However, it was difficult to navigate through these systems and there was no data independence. This led to the rise of the next generation of database systems, the fourth generation. The four generations are designed for use in business applications such as accounts, sales inventory, purchases inventory, pay roll and hundreds of other data processing applications. The fifth generation database technology is expected to meet needs that go beyond business applications. The database systems have subsequently lain of some functionality from successive generations that caused users to suffer from fatigue due to repetitive nature of some functions. This has enhanced database systems by enabling programmers to carry out their duties with ease. This move was no without some shortcomings since performance of these systems was compromised. This made researchers to work extra hard in trying to make sure that the performance of next generation of databa se technology was at par. The use of declarative queries in relational database made it easier for programmers to retrieve information from the database. Performance was enhanced by introducing a new functionality, the query optimizer that determined the fastest method of retrieving record from the database. Concerted research efforts were focused on developing reliable relational database technology in 1970. This saw the introduction into the market of commercial relational database systems. Apparently, there were major shortcomings when it came to use of this technology in other applications.Advertising Looking for research paper on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Researchers undertook to investigate these shortcomings in the 80’s. The affected applications included knowledge based systems i.e. expert system shells etc, CAD, CASE, multimedia systems etc (Batory, 1998). The main difficulty arises from the difference that exists between programming languages and database languages in that their data structures and data model vary to a wide degree. Evolution and History of System R. System R. was a prototype database system from where relational database technology was derived. This prototype proved that relational data model had various utility advantages that could be successfully realized in everyday use. The most important aspect of a computer is the ability to store and retrieve data. Modern DBMS offer the user with the very much needed independence through the use of an advanced user interface. This allows the user to deal with every aspect of information content rather than representatives of that information i.e. lists, pointers, bits etc. As stated earlier, the pioneer of relational data model was Dr. Codd in the early 70’s. According to Codd (1970) there are two ways through which conventional database systems store information: Through record contents in the database. Through the way in which these records are connected to each other. This is to show that different systems use things such as parents, links etc to connect among the various records. Codd observed that there were two important properties associated with relational database technology. First, data values represented all information and second the system is capable of supporting a very high level language. Through the later, the users were able to request for data without the unnecessary use algorithms. System R. was intended to accomplish seven goals. System R. has three phases namely, ‘zero’ phase which occurred from 1974 to 1975 and it involved the development of a user interface. The other phase ‘one’ occ urred from 1976 to 1977. This phase a fully functioning multiuser version of the prototype was designed. The final phase ‘two’ that occurred from 1978 to 1979 involved the evaluation of system R. after this, further experiments were carried out on the system but the system was not to be released to the market until much later. Of particular concern to our historical review is the optimizer that was built at phase ‘zero’ and final phase ‘two’ that involves the introduction of the concept of normalization. As previously discussed, optimizer facilitates navigation in a database system by minimizing the number of page fetches through the use of clustering property. This is possible because a clustering index enables all records with the same key to be placed on the same page. Phase ‘two’ took two years to be completed and it consisted of two main parts: San Jose experiments that were conducted on system R. Actual application of the sy stem at various IBM sites and selected client outlets. System R. was not to be used for any commercial purpose at this stage. This stage was to test the usability of the system on experimental basis only. The first experiment on usability of the product was carried out in 1997, June. All users who were involved in the experiment gave positive feedback. Some of the qualities whose efficiency was being investigated included ability to reconfigure the database as fast as possible, high level of user language and ease of installation among other things. It was reported that several users found it possible to load a database with ease apart from being able to install and design the database. Further reports suggested that users found it quite possible to adjust the performance of the database system after loading data by creating and dropping indices without interfering with the application programs or the ends user. Tables could be updated and database tables adjusted even when on read only mode. Users rated the system R. experiment as satisfactory in terms of fair consumption of resources and performance that was ostensibly reliable for a project at an experimental level. Multiple users accessed the relatively smaller System R. experimental database; the number was often restricted to ten of them. Naturally, interactive response time was longer whenever a complicated SQL statement was being executed (Codd, 1970). To solve this performance problem, a concept called normalization was taken into account. Since performance slowed down every time a complicated SQL involving several tables was being executed an alternative would be to break large database tables into smaller parts to eliminate the occurrence of redundancy and later joined back together by user applications or the view mechanism, this process is known as normalization. Normalization Normalization is the process of eliminating redundant information from tables. It improves the efficiency of a database a nd makes the data resistant to corruption. For instance, if a certain computer user had two tables labeled Black and White and he uses both of them to store peoples contact details like cell phone numbers, postal addresses, emails etc. If the User changes or someone else makes changes to either of the tables, then there is the probability that changes made in table black will not reflect in table white and vice versa. This means that if the user changed someone’s cell phone number in table white that change might not be shown in rows or columns of table black. If the change was to be shown, then it would involve tremendous amounts of work from the part of the user a case that would beat logic given that database systems are meant to improve efficiency and save the business as much time and money as possible. This problem can be solved by keeping only the ID of the person in table Black. This will in turn give the user the freedom or independence to make changes of cell phone number or to make changes related to any other contact information in table white. Such adjustments or changes would be reflected on table black automatically. References Batory, D., et al (1998). GENESIS: An Extensible Database Management System. IEEE  Trans. On Software Engineering, 11(13), 12-14. Chamberlin, D. (1990) Relational Database Management System. Computing Survey.  19(20), 5-9. Codd, F. (1970) A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.  Communication. ACM. 13(6), 377-387.